African American Identity - 2208 Words

African American Identity It was a hot August day as sweat beat down on Thomas Jefferson Brown. He had been working in the field 2 hours before the hot sun had made its presence known. He looked back over the drying field, hoping that this crop would provide for his family better than last years crop had. Thomas watched his oldest son, Nathan, who worked down one row of the field while staring intently at the cotton plants as he picked the cotton. Nathan was a very inquisitive young man who had just yesterday asked his father what it was like being a slave for Mr. Walter Johnson. When his father had told him that in a lot of ways life was so much easier than now, Nathan had given him a look that allowed Thomas to know that his son could†¦show more content†¦Next we have Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who was born in Jamaica on 17 August 1887. Mr. Garvey is best remembered as a pivotal figure in the struggle for racial equality, not just in the United States but throughout the world as well. He founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and African Communities League in 1914 while still in Jamaica, and also championed the back to Africa movement of the 1920s. Of the Africans who departed, Garvey thought, some had left independently while others were brutally removed for economic gain and exploitation. Garvey perceived that the main problems facing not only African Americans, but Africans as well was that they must first go back to Africa and free their African brothers before moving on to other parts of the world. Through the organizations that Garvey had formed (UNIA and ACL), he reasoned that until Africa is free and redeemed, not only in name but in reality, no one would be free, Black or White. Garvey reasoned that no matter what ones race was we are all bound together by the Creator, which is Spirit. The Creator has a purpose for everyone and that purpose did not include being made a slave or subject to anyone for that matter. While D ubois and Garvey did not see eye to eye on the issues involving African Americans, Garvey did align himself closely with Dr Robert Love, and Dr Loves teachingsShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And Identity Of African American1169 Words   |  5 PagesIn the year of 1619, the largest oppressive legal structure in American History came about, the institution of slavery. Although slavery was abolished in the year of 1865, African Americans are still enslaved by intuitional racism. There are systems in place to keep minorities at a disadvantage. This system of oppression is carried by a number of factors such as; the segregation of black people in urban areas referred to as ghettos, mass incarceration rate for people of color, large educational gapsRead MoreAfrican American Identity2425 Words   |  10 Pagessources of African American identity? The Discovery of African American Identity In the 1900s African American have slowly started to gain their rights after the end of slavery. It was a difficult and tedious process; however, they never gave up on what they believed in, which is â€Å"racial equality†. African American stood together in organizations, marches, and unions because they had something that united them which wasn’t just skin color; it was inequality and slavery. African Americans came togetherRead MoreThe Identity Of African Americans1758 Words   |  8 PagesRace was a primary factor used to shape the identity of African Americans which was seen through their culture. Race is portrayed through the narratives such as The life of Frederick Douglas by Frederick Douglass and the Autobiography of an Ex-colored man by James Weldon Johnson. In both the narratives, they state they are slaves due their race. First, this idea is supported in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass when he states in the preface, â€Å"he was a slave â€Å"too (Douglass 325).Read MoreRacial Identity Of African Americans Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pagescriminals. There is a correlation between the relationship with race and crime. The stereotype that will be discussed is, African Americans as criminals. In American society, a widespread depiction of crime is that it is mostly committed by Black men. Many Americans have the image of a young Black male as violent and criminal. â€Å"In fact, perceptions about the presumed racial identity of criminals may be so ingrained in public consciousness that race does not even need to be specifically mentioned forRead MoreRacial Identity Of African American Adolescents821 Words   |  4 Pagesthat, racial identity is another big contributor to the degradation of African American’s youth mental health, as a weak racial identity results in poorly mishandled ways of coping with racism and stress. African American students as early as middle school engage in introspection of their racial identity, where they begin to discover who they are and the negative stereotypes surrounding their identity (Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, 2007, p.256). The results of a study of 297 African American adolescents byRead MoreThe Cultural Identity Of The African Ame rican Community1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe African American community has sat at the end of a discriminatory lens from the moment they set foot in the United States. For that reason, black communities have undergone the process of community building to ensure that all members feel a sense of belonging. Race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, poverty, and sexual orientation, all play a role in developing one’s identity and more often than not, these multiple identities intersect with blackness. Being that American society has deemed coloredRead MoreIdentity Crisis Among African Americans1618 Words   |  7 PagesCelestine Professor Sandra Staton-Taiwo Identity Crisis amongst African Americans 17 November 2014 Abstract The question of self-identity has been commonly argued in field of the African American literature; with scholars such as Martin R. Delany and W.E.B Du Bois argue about the emphasis on race and racial consciousness. Together Du Bois and Delaney stress the importance of the color line, or the racial segregation in the United States, as a critical part of American history; nonetheless they both hadRead MoreI Identity As Being African American1094 Words   |  5 PagesBeing born in Columbia, SC and moving to a small town called Lancaster, I identity as being African American, although many perceive me to me biracial. Many people would ask if I were mixed or adopted because I looked distinctly different than my mother. My mother is a very chocolate lady while my father looks almost Caucasian with his very sandy brown hair. As many African Americans are stereotyped as not having a father figure in their life, my father was indeed in my life but he did not play aRead MoreIdentities : Cul tural Stereotypes Of African American Women Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesIntersectional Identities: Cultural Stereotypes of African American Women and Citizen: An American Lyric Racism and stereotypes are explored in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric, which draws the reader in through a series of vignettes, using poetry, prose and multi-media to detail both subtle and overt incidents of racism that happened to the author, her friends and celebrities. This paper will explore the ways in which modern racism is rooted in historical racism and African American women areRead MoreViewing Heritage And Identity Of An African American Family992 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent ways of viewing heritage and identity of an African American family. During the first read, the audience sides with the narrator and Maggie against Dee/Wangero. The reader can see Dee/Wangero antagonist of the story. However, this is not the only way to interpret â€Å"Everyday Use†. Walker has created a more complex story than just right and wrong. After further analysis, the reader comes to understand that Wangero view of her cultural heritage and identity as a black woman in America is different

Pavlov Theory - Conditioned Response Essay - 1131 Words

Pavlov Theory - Conditioned Response A commonly heard word within psychology is â€Å"conditioning†, where does it come from and what does it mean? Conditioning is simply a form of learning, specifically learning through association. Conditioning is used in many experiments as I will discuss later. Classical conditioning was stumbled upon by accident by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. After he earned his medical degree in 1882 he spent many years studying the digestive system of many animals. By the year 1904 Pavlov had won the Nobel Prize for all of his research in that field. While studying the digestive system he had a dog strapped down with a harness, and fed it different types of food. While doing this he had a tube that was†¦show more content†¦There are a few principles of learning which can take place, they are acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Acquisition is the term used for learning. This means that the animal does not learn within seconds, it takes a couple of pairings for it to learn to associate them as a singe event. To achieve acquisition to the maximum potential the food should come within one second of the bell or other stimulus. Another principle of conditioning is extinction. This is when the stimulus is not followed by a response, would the dog continue to salivate if a bell is rung but no food was put in front of him? The answer is no it would not, because it would have now re-learned to have no response simply because no response is known to that stimulus. One understanding within extinction is that it is not gone forever, meaning that if at a later time the dog was returned to the harness and had the bell rung with food given immediately after, it would then relearn to respond to only the bell within much less time than the first session. This bounce back effect is known as spontaneous recovery. The third principle of conditioning is generalization. Generalization is when the dog responded to a different bell with a similar tone yet not identical. The most well known example of generalization is the boy known as little Albert. Little Albert was condition to fear a harmless rat by psychologist JohnShow MoreRelatedPavlov s Stimulus Substitution Theory994 Words   |  4 PagesPavlov s Stimulus Substitution Theory focused on the nature of the conditioned response (CR), and proposed that conditioning enables the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (US) therefore the CR and the unconditioned response (UR) were the same response (Chance, 2013). According to Chance (2013), Pavlov s explained his theory in terms of physiology, proposing an innate neural connection allows the US to elicit the UR. However, during conditioningRead MoreRunning Head : Man s Best Friend939 Words   |  4 Pagesand personalities. Ivan Pavlov didn’t ha ve a particular fondness for dogs, but little did he know that through his experimentation with dogs and their neurological reflexes, he was going to reveal the similarities of conditioning abilities within animals and humans. There were many people that influenced Pavlov and lead him on to experimenting with classical conditioning in dogs. One of Pavlov’s main influences was Charles Darwin. Darwin was a scientist who had many theories he was known for but oneRead MoreEssay on Ivan Petrovich Pavlov1451 Words   |  6 PagesProfile of Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in the village of Ryazan, Russia, the son of Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, who was the village priest. Because he was the son of a priest he went to church school and enrolled in a theology seminar. As the son of a preacher Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was going to follow in his father’s footsteps, that was until he read a book by Charles Darwin called â€Å"The Origin of Species† After reading this book Ivan Pavlov dropped out of his theological studies andRead MoreIvan Pavlov s Theory Of The Conditioned Reflex1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthere was a famous Russian physiologist who created the theory of the conditioned reflex. His name was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov conducted a well-known experiment for teaching a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a bell when presented with food. This experiment led Ivan Pavlov to become known for his development on Classical Conditioning, which captured the attention of everyone, especially physiologis t and psychologist. Ivan Pavlov was born September, 14, 1849 in Russia. Ivan Pavlov’sRead MoreEssay Operant Conditioning1743 Words   |  7 PagesIvan Pavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. WhileRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesOperant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studies learned to associate countless stimuli with the expectationRead MorePavlov, Watson, and Skinner Essay733 Words   |  3 Pagespersonality formation. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory placed the subject of behavior into the forefront of medical study. Freud’s theory brought much criticism and controversy but most importantly; it brought interest to the subject of behavior and personality. This newfound interest caused many young doctors to begin studying how behavior is created. Many new theories would follow Freud’s and forever change the way science views behavior. Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner are three ofRead MoreClassical Conditioning Paper1235 Words   |  5 Pageselicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. In this paper the subject is to describe the theory of classical conditioning as well as describing a scenario in which one could apply classical conditioning theory to, and bring forth the scenario by showing illustrations of how this could be used and applied toward conditioning the subject. The Theory of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning came to life through the work of Ivan Pavlov whoRead MoreThe Main Characteristics Of Psychological Understanding1614 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the main characteristics of psychological understanding is the approach to the theory of behaviourism. Behaviourism focuses on the action committed by an individual in response to certain situations rather than the thinking done by the individual, in simpler form, ‘the reaction’. Conditioning is a theory introduced by behaviourist, this concept discusses how stimuli’s can generate predictable responses that can be in sequence and repetitive, this contributes to the understanding of how organismRead MoreTheories About Human Behaviour And Its Effects On Human Behavior999 Words   |  4 PagesBehaviours that can be observed include covert behaviours, like thoughts and emotions, and behaviourism can be used to analyse these and then modify them. In the 20th century Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson and Ski nner all played very important roles in the emergence of Behaviourism and helped tear away from other psychology fields. Theories about human behaviour were concluded by experiments on animals and how they interacted with their environment. This then led to different experiments in conditioning behaviour

Teenagers Suffering From Mental ill Health-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the initiative to minimise the struggles of teenagerssuffering from mental ill health to get the best treatment. Answer: Introduction Adults are not only those who experience mental health problems. Teenagers and children also suffer from the same. In fact, most of the time it is found that, in early ages the mental disorder starts to develop. The Government of Australias initiative began to offer support for young adults from 2006 onwards. The Health Department funds the initiative Headspace for handling the youth mental health programs (Rickwood et al., 2014). Teenagers and young adults suffering from issues including anxiety, depression, family problems and sexual health or social bullying get support 24x7. Headspace also provides services online using its e-platform. However, in research, it is found that patients suffering from their mental health have to explain their stories to the psychiatrists or the doctor every time they try to seek treatment from another specialist. Peoples with mental illness are less likely to share their feelings with others. Therefore, necessary information about the patient remains sometimes untold and that creative flaws in the treatment (Walsh et al., 2017). Thus, a new initiative is required to deal with this situation. Problems with the current system Most of the times young adults who have mental illness are not able to find the solution, concerning their mental health from the professionals, they contacted (Moore et al., 2015). Thus, they try getting help from multiple other specialists to choose in between them the one whose treatment suits the patient. However, they have to share the same stories to all of them to make them understand the problems of the patient in a better way. On the other hand, it is a challenge for patients suffering from anxiety disorder to share their feelings and they restrict them from sharing the personal illness information (McGorry, Bates Birchwood, 2013). Thus, it minimises the scope for getting the correct treatment and patients health began to worse. Capabilities of the new system project Currently the government of Australias health department is working on the project to build the new My Health Record system (Lawrence et al., 2015). This system will provide an integrated portal with a database as the backbone storing the information regarding the patient whenever they opt to seek solution for health issues. The system will save information regarding the present and previous health issues. Therefore, it will become easy retrieving the medical information of a patient whenever visiting a specialist (Rickwood et al., 2015). In addition, the system will also be capable of updating more details in the patients health records. Benefits of the system project The initiative of recording medical histories will help in many scenarios as discussed below. The health care system is in a phase where there are many opportunities, which will transform the method of clinical treatments including psychiatry. Security Level: The benefit of My Health Record system is in case of emergency, healthcare services will be able to deliver treatments according to the medical records stored with the system (Hemsley et al, 2016). Therefore, treatments in emergency can be given accordingly according to the health history. Patients convenience: Patients will have their own portal or interface on the system to upload all the medical records and health information online (Rickwood, Van Dyke Telford, 2015). These information will allow to apply treatment even if the patients loses their memories. Instant access to information: The healthcare data stored online will be easily accessible by authorised hospitals, doctors (Coates Howe, 2014). The patient will be the privacy controller of their records, as the system will span throughout the world with an internet connection. Medical Record Security: System will require healthcare records and personal details of the patient to understand the patient from more depth that the patient would not like to share generally (Inagaki, Morii Numata, 2015). Therefore, the patient will assign to whom the record will be shared. Conclusion There is always probability of compromise of data when data are stored on the internet. However, the opportunity for this system is much higher in comparison to threats it faces. The most important thing regarding this system is that patients suffering from anxiety disorders are better sharing their feelings in writing comparison to telling the specialists about the problems. Therefore, the new proposed system will sure spark a revolution by providing the best possible treatment to the patients acquiring information from them through the portal and that this report concludes References Coates, D., Howe, D. (2014). The importance and benefits of youth participation in mental health settings from the perspective of the headspace Gosford Youth Alliance in Australia.Children and Youth Services Review,46, 294-299. Hemsley, B., Georgiou, A., Carter, R., Hill, S., Higgins, I., van Vliet, P., Balandin, S. (2016). Use of the My Health Record by people with communication disability in Australia: A review to inform the design and direction of future research.Health Information Management Journal,45(3), 107-115. Inagaki, S., Morii, N., Numata, M. (2015). Development of a reliable method to determine water content by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with the standard addition technique.Analytical Methods,7(11), 4816-4820. Lawrence, D., Johnson, S., Hafekost, J., Boterhoven de Haan, K., Sawyer, M., Ainley, J., Zubrick, S. R. (2015). The mental health of children and adolescents: Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), s30-s35. Moore, S. E., Scott, J. G., Ferrari, A. J., Mills, R., Dunne, M. P., Erskine, H. E., ... McCarthy, M. (2015). Burden attributable to child maltreatment in Australia.Child abuse neglect,48, 208-220. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Mazzer, K. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2015). The services provided to young people through the headspace centres across Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,202(10), 533-536. Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., McGorry, P. D. (2014). Reply headspace-Australia's innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting?.The Medical journal of Australia,200(8), 454. Rickwood, D., Van Dyke, N., Telford, N. (2015). Innovation in youth mental health services in Australia: common characteristics across the first headspace centres.Early intervention in psychiatry,9(1), 29-37. Walsh, L., Hill, S., Allan, M., Balandin, S., Georgiou, A., Higgins, I., ... Hemsley, B. (2017). A content analysis of the consumer-facing online information about My Health Record: Implications for increasing knowledge and awareness to facilitate uptake and use.Health Information Management Journal, 1833358317712200.

Sickle Cell Anemia Essays - RTT, Hematopathology, Hemoglobins

Sickle Cell Anemia The problem is that sickle cell anemia affects about 72,000 Americans in the United States. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the body is unable to produce normal hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. Abnormal hemoglobin can morph cells that can become lodged in narrow blood vessels, blocking oxygen from reaching organs and tissues. The effects of sickle cell anemia are bouts of extreme pain, infectious, fever, jaundice, stroke, slow growth, organ, and failure. Sickle cell anemia hurts many people today in fact it hurts about 72,000 Americans. But some doctors are finding cures for this inherited disease. This disease causes mainly strokes and fever. With this disease a stroke is not predictable, a stroke can happen as early as a one month old as a baby. It can hurt a person really bad because it causes them to not be able to do many things like can't play sports, and things that gets your heart pumping because if the red blood cells gets clogged up it can causes a stroke because oxygen can't flow. Most Americans who have sickle cell anemia are of African descent. The disease also affects Americans from the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America, Turkey, Greece, Italy, the Middle East and East India. Since sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease if both parents have the trait for sickle cell, their baby's chances of having sickle cell disease is one in four. Many doctors are trying to find cures for this disease by trying the solution on patients. Doctors at Emory University and University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Chicago. Doctors in Emory University in Atlanta credited an experimental stem cell transplant that for the first time is not from a related donor. This transplant cured the inherited disease from Keone Penn who is 13 years old from Georgia. He suffered a stroke at 5 years old and had a fever of 106 degrees, "I almost died" (Ferraro, Newspaper Article) What the doctors did was replaced the boy's bone marrow with stem cells taken from the umbilical cord blood of an infant not related to him. Dr. Ruby Bellevue of New York Methodist Hospital in Brooklyn has patient that he wants to do the transplant procedure on, but he is waiting for more studies to come out to see what the long-term effects are. Some effects could be rejection, complications, and/or death. For many years, doctors could only treat the sickle cell disease with blood transfusions and antibiotics. But until now, the only hope for a cure has been through bone marrow transplants, dangerous and rarely performed because they require a match between donor and the person receiving it. The good thing about stem cell transplants is does not require as precise a match. For Keone the 13 years old kid was worth it. "I am happy. This has been my wish my whole life, to not have sickle cell." (Ferraro, Newspaper Article) The doctors of University of Mississippi Medical Center use Doppler ultrasound to examine head and neck blood flow. The ultrasound measures the speed of the blood in the vessels. Early detection can help and decrease the risk of stroke. The program involved in this problem is the National Institutes of Health declared September as Sickle Cell Awareness Month. The educational and research organization have promoted awareness of sickle cell disease, a group of inherited disorders characterized by anemia which means a reduced number of red blood cell and the production of sickle hemoglobin is a molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. My suggestion for dealing with this problem is to go to the doctor to get an examination if you play any sports or go for a jog or run and experiment any difficulty breathing. If you don't have trouble breathing, maybe if you feel dizzy or feel like you about to blackout when you do something I recommend going to the doctors for an examination. It is better to find out the problem first before you will experiment a stroke a high fever that can cause a death. I think early detection help a lot and could

Carraway As A Narrator Essays

Carraway As A Narrator Essays Carraway As A Narrator Essay Carraway As A Narrator Essay The Great Gatsby Is a perfect example of an unreliable character. Right from the beginning of the novel, he bluntly described himself as someone who doesnt judge anyone, yet he judges everyone that he meets. Not only that but he lies to people so he could avoid the awkwardness of the unseemly. Others may say he is reliable by that he stayed loyal to Gatsby throughout the entire novel, but his feelings toward Gatsby changed. In the end, it is evident that Nick is a dishonest narrator. Right from the start, Nick judged every single person that came by him. Without even knowing the person, he judged them on how they looked, dressed, and also how they acted. What makes him unreliable is the fact that he says he doesnt Judge anyone, yet he clearly does. According to Scott Donaldson, he thinks this makes him deceptive narrator also. But he does not suspend Judgment. In fact, he Judges, and condemns, practically everyone he meets In the course of the novel (Donaldson 104). Instead of walling and getting to know another character, he has his mind set on who they are. Therefore Glenn us a wrong Impression and misunderstanding a character. When Tom brings Nick to meet his girl, Nick already has his opinion of her. Though I was curious to see her I had no desire to meet her (Fitzgerald 28). Nick already didnt like Myrtle because she was Toms mistress. Hence making us believe Myrtle is the bad person in this situation, but in reality Tom is the bad guy. Given this information, makes me think twice whether to trust Nick or not. In order to rely on someone, they need to be telling you the truth. Nick constantly lies to people so awkward situations dont happen. He doesnt tell his honest opinion when hes asked for one. He would rather lie and be a snob just to avoid the ugly truth. HIS morals In life dont Include honesty. Decorum ranks extremely high on his scale of values- certainly higher than honesty (Donaldson 107). You cant trust someone who doesnt believe honesty Is an Important factor to live by. He lied to Jordan and saying he missed her too so that she wouldnt get upset and avoiding the unseemly. For this reason it makes Nick a poor excuse for a narrator. Caraway As A Narrator By fries Someone who is defined as unreliable often are deceiving and misleading. Nick Caraway in The Great Gatsby is a perfect example of an unreliable character. Right from the beginning of the novel, he bluntly described himself as someone who doesnt Judge anyone, yet he Judges everyone that he meets. Not only that but he lies Right from the start, Nick Judged every single person that came by him. Without even knowing the person, he Judged them on how they looked, dressed, and also how condemns, practically everyone he meets in the course of the novel (Donaldson 104). Instead of waiting and getting to know another character, he has his mind set on who they are. Therefore giving us a wrong impression and misunderstanding a character. Lies to people so awkward situations dont happen. He doesnt tell his honest opinion when hes asked for one. He would rather lie and be a snob Just to avoid the ugly truth. His morals in life dont include honesty. Decorum ranks extremely high on his scale of values- certainly higher than honesty (Donaldson 107). You cant trust someone who doesnt believe honesty is an important factor to live by. ADD QUOTE

Wall Street Crash of October 1929

Wall Street Crash of October 1929 In the 1920s, many people felt they could make a fortune from the stock market. Forgetting the volatility of the stock market, they  invested their entire life savings. Others bought stocks on credit (margin). When the stock market took a dive on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the country was unprepared. The economic devastation caused by the Stock Market Crash of 1929 was a key factor in beginning the Great Depression. A Time of Optimism The end of World War I in 1919 heralded a new era in the United States. It was an era of enthusiasm, confidence, and optimism, a time when inventions such as the airplane and the radio made anything seem possible. Morals from the nineteenth century were set aside. Flappers became the model of the new woman, and Prohibition renewed confidence in the productivity of the common man. It is in such times of optimism that people take their savings out from under their mattresses and out of banks and invest it. In the 1920s, many invested in the stock market. The Stock Market Boom Although the stock market has the reputation of being a risky investment, it did not appear that way in the 1920s. With the mood of the country exuberant, the stock market seemed an infallible investment in the future. As more people invested in the stock market, stock prices began to rise. This was first noticeable in 1925. Stock prices then bobbed up and down throughout 1925 and 1926, followed by a strong upward trend in 1927. The strong bull market (when prices are rising in the stock market) enticed even more people to invest. By 1928, a stock market boom had begun. The stock market boom changed the way investors viewed the stock market. No longer was the stock market only for long-term investment. Rather, in 1928, the stock market had become a place where everyday people truly believed that they could become rich. Interest in the stock market reached a fevered pitch. Stocks had become the talk of every town. Discussions about stocks could be heard everywhere, from parties to barber shops. As newspapers reported stories of ordinary people, like chauffeurs, maids, and teachers, making millions off the stock market, the fervor to buy stocks grew exponentially. Buying on Margin An increasing number of people wanted to buy stocks, but not everyone had the money to do so. When someone did not have the money to pay the full price of stocks, they could buy stocks on margin. Buying stocks on margin means that the buyer would put down some of his own money, but the rest he would borrow from a broker. In the 1920s, the buyer only had to put down 10 to 20 percent of his own money and thus borrowed 80 to 90 percent of the cost of the stock. Buying on margin could be very risky. If the price of stock fell lower than the loan amount, the broker would likely issue a margin call, which means the buyer must come up with the cash to pay back his loan immediately. In the 1920s, many speculators (people who hoped to make a lot of money on the stock market) bought stocks on margin. Confident in what seemed a never-ending rise in prices, many of these speculators neglected to seriously consider the risk they were taking. Signs of Trouble By early 1929, people across the United States were scrambling to get into the stock market. The profits seemed so assured that even many companies placed money in the stock market. Even more problematic, some banks placed customers money in the stock market without their knowledge. With the stock market prices upward bound, everything seemed wonderful. When the great crash hit in October, people were taken by surprise. However, there had been warning signs. On March 25, 1929, the stock market suffered a mini-crash. It was a prelude of what was to come. As prices began to drop, panic struck across the country as margin calls were issued. When banker Charles Mitchell made an announcement that his bank would keep lending, his reassurance stopped the panic. Although Mitchell and others tried the tactic of reassurance again in October, it did not stop the big crash. By the spring of 1929, there were additional signs that the economy might be headed for a serious setback. Steel production went down; house construction slowed, and car sales waned. At this time, there were also a few reputable people warning of an impending, major crash. However, when months went by without one, those that advised caution were labeled pessimists and ignored. Summer Boom Both the mini-crash and the naysayers were nearly forgotten when the market surged ahead during the summer of 1929. From June through August, stock market prices reached their highest levels to date. To many, the continual increase in stocks seemed inevitable. When economist Irving Fisher stated, Stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau, he was stating what many speculators wanted to believe. On September 3, 1929, the stock market reached its peak with the Dow Jones Industrial Average closing at 381.17. Two days later, the market started dropping. At first, there was no massive drop. Stock prices fluctuated throughout September and into October until the massive drop on Black Thursday. Black Thursday, October 24, 1929 On the morning of Thursday, October 24, 1929, stock prices plummeted. Vast numbers of people were selling their stocks. Margin calls were sent out. People across the country watched the ticker as the numbers it spit out spelled their doom. The ticker was so overwhelmed that it quickly fell behind. A crowd gathered outside of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, stunned at the downturn. Rumors circulated of people dying by suicide. To the great relief of many, the panic subsided in the afternoon. When a group of bankers pooled their money and invested a large sum back into the stock market, their willingness to invest their own money in the stock market convinced others to stop selling. The morning had been shocking, but the recovery was amazing. By the end of the day, many people were again buying stocks at what they thought were bargain prices. On Black Thursday, 12.9 million shares were sold, which was double the previous record. Four days later, the stock market fell again. Black Monday, October 28, 1929 Although the market had closed on an upswing on Black Thursday, the low numbers of the ticker that day had shocked many speculators. Hoping to get out of the stock market before they lost everything (as they thought they had on Thursday morning), they decided to sell. This time, as the stock prices plummeted, no one came in to save it. Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 October 29, 1929, became known as the worst day in stock market history and was called, Black Tuesday. There were so many orders to sell that the ticker quickly fell behind. By the end of close, it had lagged to 2 1/2 hours behind. People were in a panic, and they couldnt get rid of their stocks fast enough. Since everyone was selling, and nearly no one was buying, stock prices collapsed. Rather than the bankers rallying investors by buying more stocks, rumors circulated that they were selling. Panic hit the country. Over 16.4 million shares of stock were sold, a new record. The Drop Continues Not sure how to stem the panic, the decision was made to close the stock market on Friday, November 1 for a few days. When it reopened on Monday, November 4 for limited hours, stocks dropped again. The slump continued until November 23, 1929, when prices seemed to stabilize. However, this was not the end. Over the next two years, the stock market continued to drop. It reached its low point on July 8, 1932, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 41.22. Aftermath To say that the  Stock Market Crash of 1929  devastated the economy is an understatement. Although reports of mass suicides in the aftermath of the crash were most likely exaggerations, many people lost their entire savings. Numerous companies were ruined. Faith in banks was destroyed. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred at the beginning of the Great Depression. Whether it was a symptom of the impending depression or a direct cause of it is still hotly debated. Historians, economists, and others continue to study the Stock Market Crash of 1929 in the hopes of discovering the secret to what started the boom and what instigated the panic. As of yet, there has been little agreement as to the causes. In the years after the crash, regulations covering buying stocks on margin and the roles of banks have added protections in the hopes that another severe crash could never happen again.

Research Parameters for BP, P, R &T Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Parameters for BP, P, R &T - Research Paper Example Discussion of the illnesses that can be identified by measurement of these body parameters will be included. Last but not least, the problems that can be experienced if assessing of these parameters is not performed will be explained in this paper. The body of a human being is made up various organs which keep the body in action and alive by making sure important parameters’ status is right. Just like a mechanical machine used to perform work, the organs have specific functions for the body. Examples of vital organs in a human body include; the brain, heart, liver, kidney and others. These organs are like machines; they need a source of energy, they need constant repair and maintenance for maximum efficiency. They also wear after sometime of continuous action and sometime malfunction. In sort organs are the machines responsible for keeping human bodies alive. This research paper will discuss the importance of checking various parameters of the body that are controlled by organs, and the problems that may affect them if the status of those parameters is unknown. It will concentrate on the blood pressure, body temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate. Body temperature is the ability of the body to generate heat and get rid of it. It is measured using a thermometer and the units used are Celsius. The normal body temperature of a human is 37 degrees Celsius. Body temperature is measured by placing a thermometer, glass or electronic thermometer, in the rectum, mouth or armpit. The normal temperature of persons is variable depending on several factors: They include age, time of the day and the part of the body where temperature was taken from (Mackowiak, 2009). If the body temperature of a person is more than 1.5 degrees above or below the normal, this condition is known as fever. Assessing body temperatures of persons is vital since it determines whether one is suffering from a fever. This can assist the